A colony of microorganisms embedded within a self-produced extracellular matrix. The matrix provides physical and chemical protection to the microorganisms, facilitates nutrient exchange and enables communication between the microorganisms.
A clinical sign indicating inflammation of the gums. It occurs when the gums bleed in response to gentle probing, often signalling gingivitis or periodontitis.
A mineralised biofilm formed by the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals within dental plaque. It adheres to the surfaces of teeth and restorations, serving as a reservoir for bacteria and their toxins.
Calculated by combining gum recession and probing depth. It reflects the extent of tissue and bone loss supporting the teeth.
A condition in multi-rooted teeth where the bone loss exposes the area between the roots, often seen in advanced periodontitis.
The position of the gingival margin (gum line) in relation to the cemento-enamel junction of the tooth (the joint between the crown and root of the tooth).
The mild, reversible stage of gum disease characterised by redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums without bone loss.
An advanced stage of gum disease involving gum tissue and bone destruction, leading to attachment loss, possibly loose teeth and subsequent tooth loss.
A dynamic, biofilm-based microbial community that forms on the surfaces of teeth and oral tissues. It is composed of bacteria, their metabolic byproducts, salivary components and food debris. This is all embedded within an extracellular matrix.
The measurement of the depth of gum pockets (space between the gum and tooth) around the teeth, taken during periodontal assessments. Pockets deeper than 3mm may indicate gum disease.
Ongoing care after periodontal treatment to prevent disease recurrence, typically involving professional cleaning and home care guidance.
A device that tracks blood glucose levels continuously, helping people with diabetes manage their condition more effectively.
A serious complication of diabetes caused by high blood sugar and ketone levels, requiring immediate medical attention.
A test measuring blood sugar levels after fasting for 8-12 hours, used to diagnose and monitor diabetes.
Glucose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) and a primary energy source for living organisms. It is a key component of carbohydrates and is essential for cellular respiration, where it is metabolised to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of cells. Glucose levels are tightly regulated by hormones such as insulin and glucagon to maintain metabolic balance, with dysregulation linked to conditions like diabetes.
A blood test that measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months by measuring blood glucose molecules that are adhered to red bloos cells. It is a key indicator of diabetes management. A higher HbA1c level indicates poorer blood glucose control.
High blood glucose levels – a common symptom of uncontrolled diabetes.
Low blood glucose levels, which can occur in individuals with diabetes, particularly those on insulin or certain medications.
Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas’ islets of Langerhans. It plays a critical role in regulating blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells and promoting its storage and utilisation. Efficient insulin activity is essential for energy metabolism and maintaining overall metabolic balance.
A condition where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin, often associated with type 2 diabetes.
Large blood vessel damage associated with diabetes, leading to cardiovascular disease, stroke, and poor circulation.
Small blood vessel damage caused by diabetes, potentially affecting the eyes, kidneys, and gums.
A measurement of blood glucose levels after a meal, important in assessing diabetes management.